A wheelchair can provide independence and make everyday movement easier, but using one safely requires proper technique and regular attention to the chair’s condition. Falls, tipping, pressure injuries and accidents can often be reduced by following simple safety practices.
Whether someone uses a manual or powered wheelchair, understanding how to move, transfer, brake and maintain the chair safely can help prevent avoidable injuries.
1. Choose the Right Wheelchair
A wheelchair should fit the user’s body, mobility needs and daily activities. An improperly fitted chair can make movement difficult and may increase the risk of discomfort, poor posture or falls.
Important factors include:
- Seat width and depth
- Back support
- Footrest position
- Cushion type
- Armrest height
- Wheel and brake condition
A healthcare professional or rehabilitation specialist can help determine whether a wheelchair is appropriately fitted.
2. Always Check the Brakes
Before sitting down, standing up or transferring, lock the wheelchair brakes.
For manual wheelchairs, both wheel locks should be firmly engaged. On powered wheelchairs, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for stopping and securing the chair.
Never assume the wheelchair will remain stationary simply because it is on a flat surface.
3. Learn Safe Transfer Techniques
Moving between a wheelchair and a bed, toilet or chair is one of the situations where falls can happen.
Before transferring:
- Move the wheelchair as close as possible to the destination.
- Lock the brakes.
- Move or remove footrests when appropriate.
- Make sure the destination surface is stable.
- Use a transfer board or assistance if recommended.
- Avoid pulling on removable armrests or footrests for support.
People who have difficulty transferring should ask a healthcare professional or caregiver to demonstrate a safe technique rather than trying unfamiliar movements independently.
4. Keep Your Weight Inside the Wheelchair
Leaning too far forward, sideways or backward can make a wheelchair unstable.
Avoid reaching for objects that are beyond your comfortable range. Instead, move the wheelchair closer or ask for assistance.
Never stand on the footrests to reach something or attempt to climb into or out of the chair that way.
5. Be Careful on Ramps and Slopes
Slopes can make a wheelchair difficult to control.
When approaching a ramp:
- Slow down before entering it.
- Keep both hands or controls ready.
- Avoid sudden turns.
- Do not attempt a slope that is too steep for the wheelchair.
- Use designated accessible ramps whenever possible.
Powered wheelchair users should follow the manufacturer’s recommendations regarding slopes and surfaces.
6. Take Extra Care on Uneven Ground
Cracks, potholes, loose gravel, wet floors and uneven surfaces can cause wheels to catch or slip.
When possible, choose smooth and accessible routes. Approach small obstacles slowly and straight rather than at a sharp angle.
For manual wheelchair users, learning how to safely negotiate common obstacles from a trained professional can be extremely helpful.
7. Protect the Skin From Pressure Injuries
Sitting for long periods can place continuous pressure on certain parts of the body. This can contribute to pressure injuries, particularly in people who have reduced sensation or difficulty changing position.
Regular pressure relief is important. The appropriate technique depends on the person’s mobility and wheelchair, so a rehabilitation professional can recommend suitable movements or equipment.
A properly fitted pressure-relieving cushion can also provide important protection.
Check the skin regularly for areas of redness, irritation, swelling or damage, especially around the hips, buttocks and other pressure points.
8. Keep Feet and Hands Properly Positioned
Feet should remain supported by the footrests while the wheelchair is moving.
Avoid allowing feet to drag on the ground because they can become caught or injured.
Hands should also remain clear of moving wheels and other mechanical parts. Be particularly careful when another person is pushing the chair.
9. Use Seat Belts and Safety Equipment When Appropriate
Some wheelchairs have positioning belts or other safety devices. These should be used according to professional guidance and the wheelchair manufacturer’s instructions.
A positioning belt should not be treated as a replacement for proper wheelchair positioning or supervision when assistance is required.
10. Never Leave a Wheelchair Unsecured in a Vehicle
When a wheelchair is being transported in a vehicle, it should be secured using an appropriate wheelchair tie-down and occupant restraint system.
A wheelchair that is not properly secured can move during sudden braking or a collision.
For wheelchair users who travel regularly, accessible transportation equipment should be fitted and used according to the manufacturer’s and transport provider’s safety instructions.
11. Maintain the Wheelchair Regularly
A wheelchair is safer when its mechanical components are working properly.
Regularly check:
- Brakes
- Tyres
- Wheels
- Footrests
- Armrests
- Seat and cushion
- Batteries and controls on powered chairs
Loose parts, damaged tyres, faulty brakes or unusual noises should be inspected and repaired promptly.
12. Don’t Rush
Many wheelchair accidents happen when people try to move too quickly.
Take extra time when:
- Going through narrow doorways
- Turning around
- Approaching ramps
- Transferring
- Crossing uneven surfaces
- Getting into or out of a vehicle
Slow and controlled movements are generally safer than sudden movements.
When Extra Help May Be Needed
Some wheelchair users may require assistance because of limited strength, balance problems, reduced sensation or difficulty controlling the chair.
Caregivers should learn safe pushing, transfer and positioning techniques. They should also avoid lifting a person without proper training because incorrect lifting can injure both the wheelchair user and caregiver.
Final Thoughts
Using a wheelchair safely is about more than simply learning how to move. Proper fitting, safe transfers, pressure relief, careful navigation and regular maintenance all play important roles in preventing injuries.
With the right equipment, training and precautions, wheelchair users can enjoy greater independence while reducing the risk of falls, skin injuries and other accidents
